1. Differentiate scopes of practice within the nursing profession

1.a. Distinguish among the different levels of nursing education
1.b. Specify the ethical and legal boundaries of the student nurse as presented in the Code of Ethics and the Nurse Practice Act
1.c. Detail responsibility for maintaining patient confidentiality
1.d. Compare various settings in which nurses work
1.e. Detail the role of nursing organizations
1.f. Describe the contribution of all members of the healthcare team
1.g. Outline the standards of regulatory and reimbursement agencies
1.h. Examine the role of evidence-based practice in nursing
1.i. Examine the concept of quality in patient care
1.j. Describe how the scope and role of the nurse has evolved historically over time including role of Florence Nightingale
1.k. Identify the roles and responsibilities of the LPN and RN according to the Wisconsin/Minnesota Nurse Practice Act
1.l. Explain the scope of practice and regulation of UAPs and Nursing Assistants in Wisconsin/Minnesota
1.m. Describe the role of the state board of nursing in the regulation of nursing practice
1.n. Adhere to a professional code of ethics
1.o. Compare different nursing educational preparations (LPN/LVN, ADN, BSN, MSN, DNP, PhD)
1.p. Describe the different settings where nurses work
1.q. Identify the roles and responsibilities of professional nurses
1.r. Identify the contributions of other health care team members (e.g. providers, aides, UAPs, therapists)
1.s. Describe the impact of regulatory and reimbursement agencies on clinical practice (The Joint Commission, Medicare, Insurance, DRGs)
1.t. Explain the functions of various professional organizations that impact nursing and nursing education (ACEN, NLN, ANA, QSEN)
1.u. Define ethical dilemma
1.v. Describe how to resolve an ethical dilemma
1.w. Examine major principles of healthcare ethics
1.x. Explore the ANA Code of Ethics and the nursing role
1.y. Describe behaviors that would adhere to and violate client rights and the professional code of ethics
1.z. Discuss legal and ethical responsibilities associated with patient confidentiality (HIPAA)
1.aa. Discuss the rights of delegation (e.g. right task, right circumstances, right person, right communication, right supervision)
1.ab. Identify legally sensitive areas of nursing practice including advanced directives and informed consent
1.ac. Explore unsafe practices of healthcare personnel and how to intervene as appropriate (e.g. substance abuse, improper care, staffing practices)
1.ad. Describe client conditions required to be reported by law (e.g. abuse/neglect, communicable disease)
1.ae. Discuss how to manage the patient's valuables
1.af. Explain how to minimize the risk of legal problems as a nurse

2. Maintain a safe, effective care environment for adults of all ages

2.a. Indicate correct identification of patient prior to performing any patient care measures
2.b. Identify safety considerations for adults of all ages
2.c. Include industry standards and regulations regarding microbiological, physical, and environmental safety
2.d. Apply decision making related to measures to minimize use of restraints
2.e. Identify evidence-based practices
2.f. Describe current National Patient Safety Goals
2.g. Identify factors that influence accident/injury prevention (e.g. age, developmental stage, lifestyle, mental status)
2.h. Identify deficits that may impede patient safety (e.g. visual, hearing, sensory/perceptual)
2.i. Identify safety risks for patients and health care workers in health care settings
2.j. Describe correct identification of patient prior to performing any patient care measures
2.k. Describe methods and tools to assess patients' risk for injury
2.l. Describe ergonomic principles when providing care (e.g. safe patient handling, proper lifting)
2.m. Outline strategies to maintain safety in health care settings in select situations (e.g. fires, contamination/exposure incident, patient transfers, seizures, disasters)
2.n. Discuss nursing strategies for keeping patients safe in their homes (e.g. falls, electrical hazards, poisons, burns, firearms)
2.o. Discuss the use and legal implications of restraints
2.p. Describe alternatives to restraints
2.q. Discuss proper disposal of bio-hazardous, flammable, and infectious materials
2.r. Identify situations where reporting of incident/sentinel event/irregular occurrence/variance is appropriate

3. Use appropriate communication techniques

3.a. Analyze how your own personal factors influence your ability to communicate effectively
3.b. Use therapeutic communication techniques
3.c. Apply principles of distance and space
3.d. Demonstrate assertive and professional communication
3.e. Use the steps of the interview process
3.f. Adapt your communication to the level of the patient or the audience
3.g. Verbalize strategies for maintaining confidentiality
3.h. Use technology to access current and reliable information
3.i. Use correct medical terminology and abbreviations
3.j. Report significant patient information orally and in writing
3.k. Document according to legal guidelines
3.l. Use correct grammar and spelling
3.m. Evaluate your own communication style
3.n. Explain the role communication plays in the nursing process
3.o. Explain the purpose of therapeutic nurse-patient interactions
3.p. Differentiate between therapeutic and social interactions
3.q. Adhere to a professional code of ethics
3.r. Describe assertive communication strategies
3.s. Identify therapeutic techniques
3.t. Describe each phase in the helping (nurse-patient) relationship
3.u. Give examples of when and to whom health care information should be communicated
3.v. Explain the difference between professional and unprofessional communication
3.w. Discuss factors that promote effective communication across the lifespan
3.x. Describe how communication between health care team members and use of communication tools such as SBAR can enhance patient care
3.y. Explain the components of a typical process recording and its use to improve communication skills
3.z. Analyze verbal and non-verbal therapeutic and non-therapeutic communication techniques
3.aa. Explore the use of communication technology in healthcare
3.ab. Recognize barriers to communication
3.ac. Explore the use of the electronic health record and other forms of communication technology in healthcare
3.ad. Describe the purposes of the health record
3.ae. Describe common types of nursing documentation formats (CBE, SOAP, DAR, narrative)
3.af. Explain the importance of objectivity and factual recording in documentation
3.ag. Summarize guidelines and legal responsibilities when making entries in patient records
3.ah. Relate how patient care is enhanced by complete, accurate, timely documentation
3.ai. Describe the purpose of incident reports
3.aj. Identify resources to enhance care provided to patients (policies/procedures, evidence-based research)

4. Use the nursing process

4.a. Follow the steps in the nursing process in the correct order
4.b. Outline the data resources needed to complete a patient data base
4.c. Identify nursing diagnoses from a designated source
4.d. Include suggestions for the development of a care plan
4.e. Reflect priorities of patient care
4.f. Contribute to the evaluation of patient outcomes
4.g. Document each phase of the nursing process
4.h. Differentiate between the role of the PN and RN in the nursing process
4.i. Explain the purpose of the nursing process in providing patient care
4.j. Explain the relationship between critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and nursing knowledge, judgment, and experience
4.k. Describe in detail each phase of the nursing process (ADPIE)
4.l. Describe the components of the nursing care plan
4.m. Describe the process of assessment including sources and types of data
4.n. Describe what constitutes a data cluster
4.o. Explain the purpose of data analysis and validation
4.p. Describe the components (PES) of the nursing diagnosis and how to write a nursing diagnosis
4.q. Differentiate among actual, risk, and health promotion nursing diagnoses
4.r. Differentiate between a medical, nursing, and collaborative diagnosis
4.s. Identify factors to consider when planning and prioritizing care needs
4.t. Differentiate the PN and RN role when using the nursing process
4.u. Differentiate between goals (outcomes) and outcome criteria
4.v. Describe how to write patient-focused outcomes and outcome criteria
4.w. Identify nursing interventions focused on the etiology/cause of the patient’s problem
4.x. Outline factors to consider when selecting nursing interventions
4.y. Describe types of interventions (nursing, medical, collaborative, dependent, independent)
4.z. Differentiate the PN and RN roles when using the nursing process
4.aa. Explain the importance of and rationale for using evidence-based practice in health care
4.ab. Describe how research evidence and scientific rationale are used to support nursing actions/interventions
4.ac. Describe how and when the nursing care plan is revised

5. Adapt nursing practice to meet the needs of diverse patients in a variety of settings

5.a. Consider all aspects of diversity including age, gender, culture, socioeconomic status, disability, and sexual orientation
5.b. Demonstrate principles of holism by assessing the impact of development, emotion, cultural, religious, and spiritual influences on the patient's health status
5.c. Protect patient dignity
5.d. Demonstrate principles of holism in incorporating emotional, cultural, religious and spiritual influences on patient health
5.e. Demonstrate principles of patient-centered care (i.e. patient values, customs, culture, and/or habits)
5.f. Detail specific adaptations in patient care to accommodate the needs of diverse populations
5.g. Ensure adaptations are reasonable, legal, and ethical
5.h. Adhere to the Patient Bill of Rights
5.i. Identify strategies to advocate for patients
5.j. Identify evidence-based practices
5.k. Define holism and its role in nursing
5.l. Explain what is meant when referring to diversity and diversity awareness according to the ANA
5.m. Recognize personal biases and assumptions and how these might influence care provided
5.n. Assess cultural and spiritual beliefs and practices
5.o. Describe how to show respect for patient's diversity
5.p. Provide for spiritual support of clients
5.q. Discuss the Patient's Bill of Rights
5.r. Describe how to advocate for patient's rights
5.s. Discuss how patient care needs may differ for various patient populations
5.t. Review Erickson's developmental stages
5.u. Discuss how to assess diversity (developmental, culture, religion, sexuality, patient needs)
5.v. Identify nursing diagnoses for diverse patients
5.w. Identify aspects of nursing care in which cultural differences should be considered
5.x. Modify nursing interventions to reflect the unique needs of different cultural, religious, social, and clinical patient populations
5.y. Suggest appropriate adaptations of nursing care for common physical, emotional, and mental disabilities
5.z. Describe appropriate advocacy resources (e.g. social worker, chain of command, interpreter)
5.aa. Describe how to assess patient’s spiritual beliefs and practices
5.ab. Describe ways in which a nurse can provide spiritual or religious support to patients
5.ac. Identify the emotional problems of a client or client needs that are related to religious/spiritual beliefs
5.ad. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with spirituality disturbances
5.ae. Discuss appropriate interventions for spiritual support of clients
5.af. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in spirituality

6. Provide nursing care for patients with sleep/rest/mobility alterations

6.a. Assess factors that put patients at risk for problems with mobility and sleep
6.b. Identify factors related to sleep/rest/mobility across the lifespan
6.c. Recognize characteristics of sleep deprivation
6.d. Consider the use of non-pharmacological measures to promote sleep and rest
6.e. Assess the effects of immobility on body systems
6.f. Detail the nursing measures to prevent complications of immobility
6.g. Promote the use of effective techniques of body mechanics among caregivers, patients, and significant others
6.h. Identify evidence-based practices
6.i. Explain the functions and the physiology of sleep
6.j. Identify the characteristics of NREM and REM sleep
6.k. Describe variations in sleep patterns throughout the lifespan
6.l. Identify factors that affect normal sleep
6.m. Describe manifestations of common sleep disorders
6.n. Explain how to assess the client's need for sleep/rest
6.o. Describe nursing and medical interventions that promote sleep
6.p. Explain non-pharmacological measures used to promote sleep
6.q. Review proper terminology related to body positions and movement
6.r. Identify factors influencing a person's body alignment and mobility
6.s. Discuss how to maintain the client's correct body alignment
6.t. Differentiate various types of exercise
6.u. Describe the role of exercise in health promotion and disease prevention
6.v. Describe complications of immobility on body systems (e.g., skin breakdown, contractures)
6.w. Recall proper body mechanics to use when positioning, moving, lifting, and ambulating patients
6.x. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with alterations in mobility
6.y. Describe nursing interventions to assist patients with impaired mobility
6.z. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in mobility

7. Provide nursing care for patients with comfort alterations

7.a. Assess patients for subjective and objective manifestations of alterations in comfort
7.b. Identify factors related to comfort across the lifespan
7.c. Adhere to standards of care for the patient experiencing pain
7.d. Identify non-pharmacologic measures to minimize pain and discomfort (nausea, pruritus)
7.e. Outline the plan for monitoring the patient response to the interventions for pain and discomfort
7.f. Identify evidence-based practices
7.g. Describe various types of pain (somatic, visceral, neuropathic, acute, chronic, cancer, etc.)
7.h. Describe differences in assessing and treating pain across the lifespan
7.i. Discuss factors affecting pain perception and pain response
7.j. Identify the physiologic and behavioral response to pain
7.k. Describe differences and similarities in patient symptoms when suffering from acute and chronic pain
7.l. Identify subjective and objective data to collect and analyze when assessing pain
7.m. Identify barriers to effective pain management
7.n. Define tolerance, dependence, and addiction
7.o. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with alterations in comfort
7.p. Describe pharmacologic interventions for pain according to the WHO pain relief ladder
7.q. Describe the adverse effects of opioids and how to safely monitor patients
7.r. Explain patient controlled analgesia and the patient teaching specific to this route of administration
7.s. Describe non-pharmacologic pain control interventions (basic comfort measures, cutaneous stimulation, cognitive and behavioral strategies)
7.t. Explain why nausea, constipation, and pruritus are considered sources of discomfort
7.u. Describe non-pharmacologic interventions for nausea and pruritus
7.v. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with discomfort

8. Provide nursing care for patients with nutritional, fluid, and electrolytes disturbances

8.a. Describe variables that influence nutrition, fluid and electrolyte balance
8.b. Identify factors related to nutrition, and fluid/electrolyte balance across the lifespan
8.c. Assess a patient's nutritional and fluid/electrolyte status
8.d. Outline specific nursing interventions to promote nutrition and fluid and electrolyte balance
8.e. Base your decisions on the signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess and fluid volume deficit
8.f. Base your decisions on the action of nutrients, signs of excess and deficiency, and specific foods associated with each nutrient
8.g. Base your decisions on the interpretation of diagnostic tests and lab values indicative of a disturbance in nutrition and fluid and electrolyte balance
8.h. Give examples of appropriate vitamin use across the lifespan
8.i. Identify evidence-based practices
8.j. Describe types of essential nutrients and their dietary sources
8.k. Explain the signs of excess and deficiency of essential nutrients
8.l. Discuss the importance of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins to body functions
8.m. Describe the role of minerals in the body
8.n. Explain the purpose of federal nutritional guidelines (MyPlate and DRIs)
8.o. Interpret common lab values reflecting a patient’s nutrition status (hematocrit, hemoglobin, prealbumin, albumin)
8.p. Identify nutrition considerations across the lifespan
8.q. Identify risk factors for and clinical signs of malnutrition
8.r. Identify nursing diagnoses for the patient with nutrition disturbances
8.s. Discuss nursing interventions to promote optimal nutrition
8.t. Describe various diets used in the general population (e.g. vegetarian, vegan, kosher)
8.u. Describe special diets used in the treatment of medical conditions (e.g. dysphagia, gluten free, diabetic or carb controlled, dialysis, ketogenic, cardiac or DASH)
8.v. Describe food selections for various diets used temporarily in health care settings (e.g. clear liquid, full liquid, soft, general)
8.w. Identify conditions that may benefit from nutritional supplements
8.x. Discuss the purposes, uses, and types of enteral nutrition
8.y. Identify possible complications of enteral nutrition and appropriate interventions
8.z. Discuss the purposes, uses, and types of parenteral nutrition
8.aa. Identify conditions that may benefit from parenteral nutrition therapy
8.ab. Identify possible complications of parenteral nutrition and appropriate interventions
8.ac. Explain how to promote independence in eating
8.ad. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in nutrition
8.ae. Identify factors affecting normal body fluid and electrolyte balance
8.af. Identify fluid and electrolyte balance considerations across the lifespan
8.ag. Explain the importance of maintaining acid-base balance
8.ah. Discuss the factors for fluid, electrolyte, and acid base imbalances
8.ai. Discuss common alterations in fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
8.aj. Describe signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess and fluid volume deficit
8.ak. Describe appropriate assessment data to collect related to the patient's fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
8.al. Recognize and interpret labs for common electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)
8.am. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with fluid, electrolyte, and acid base imbalances
8.an. List nursing and medical interventions for patients with fluid, electrolyte, and acid base imbalances
8.ao. Outline important information to include when teaching patients with fluid and electrolyte imbalances
8.ap. Describe common hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic IV fluids
8.aq. Outline possible complications associated with IV therapy
8.ar. Differentiate respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis
8.as. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balances

9. Provide nursing care for patients with commonly occurring alterations in elimination patterns

9.a. Assess factors that put a patient at risk for alterations in urinary and bowel elimination
9.b. Identify factors related to alterations in elimination across the lifespan
9.c. Outline the data that must be collected for identification of alterations in bowel/urine elimination
9.d. Base your decisions on the interpretation of basic diagnostic tests of urinary and bowel elimination: urinalysis and occult blood
9.e. Detail the non-pharmacologic measures to promote urinary and bowel elimination
9.f. Identify evidence-based practices
9.g. Describe the actions/uses/SE of medications related to urinary elimination
9.h. Differentiate normal and abnormal urinary elimination characteristics
9.i. Prepare client for diagnostic procedures related to urinary conditions (KUB, IVP, VCUG)
9.j. Promote healthy urinary elimination patterns
9.k. Identify urinary elimination considerations across the lifespan
9.l. List factors that alter urinary elimination
9.m. Define alterations in urinary function (dysuria, polyuria, urgency, frequency, nocturia, hematuria, pyuria, retention, and incontinence)
9.n. Describe the preparation of a client for diagnostic procedures related to bowel conditions
9.o. Describe different types of incontinence (stress, urge, reflex, functional, and total)
9.p. Describe the actions/uses/SE of medications related to bowel elimination
9.q. Promote healthy bowel elimination patterns
9.r. Explain how to properly assess patients for urinary problems
9.s. Interpret lab results related to bowel elimination
9.t. Explain common diagnostic tests and procedures related to urinary conditions (urine tests, blood tests, imaging studies, cystoscopy)
9.u. Identify nursing diagnoses related to urinary problems
9.v. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of urinary problems
9.w. Describe ways in which urinary tract infections and incontinence can be prevented
9.x. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in urinary elimination
9.y. Identify normal and abnormal bowel elimination characteristics
9.z. Identify bowel elimination considerations across the lifespan
9.aa. List factors that alter bowel elimination
9.ab. Define alterations in bowel function (constipation, impaction, diarrhea, incontinence, flatulence, distension)
9.ac. Explain how to properly assess patients for bowel elimination problems
9.ad. Explain common diagnostic procedures related to bowel conditions (specimens, occult blood test, culture, radiologic, endoscopic)
9.ae. Identify nursing diagnoses related to bowel functioning
9.af. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of bowel problems
9.ag. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in bowel elimination

10. Provide nursing care for patients with integumentary disorders

10.a. Identify the patients at risk for impaired skin integrity
10.b. Identify factors related to alterations in integumentary system across the lifespan
10.c. Assess a patient's skin integrity
10.d. Note normal from abnormal findings
10.e. Assess the characteristics of the wound
10.f. Apply correct terminology in the description of wounds
10.g. Adapt care based on integumentary assessment data gathered
10.h. Identify evidence-based practices
10.i. Differentiate between normal and abnormal skin characteristics
10.j. Describe lifespan variations that contribute to problems with the integumentary system
10.k. Identify factors that affect integumentary function and wound healing
10.l. Explain common manifestations of altered integumentary function (pain, pruritus, rash, lesions)
10.m. Differentiate between different types of skin impairments (accidental and surgical wounds, burns, mechanical force)
10.n. Discuss the phases of wound healing
10.o. Differentiate between different types of wound healing (primary, secondary, tertiary)
10.p. Identify factors that affect wound healing
10.q. Describe complications of wound healing
10.r. Explain how to properly assess patients for skin integrity problems
10.s. Identify types of wound exudate
10.t. Explain how pressure injury risk assessment tools (e.g. Braden Scale) are used in health care settings
10.u. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with impaired skin integrity
10.v. Describe nursing interventions to promote healthy skin and prevent skin breakdown
10.w. Explain common interventions for patients with minor skin impairments (scrapes, burns, cuts)
10.x. Describe nursing interventions for surgical wounds (sutures, staples, binders, dressings, drainage)
10.y. Identify physiological responses to, types of, and purposes of heat and cold therapies
10.z. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with alterations in skin integrity

11. Provide nursing care for patients with infection

11.a. Outline the factors that put patients at risk for infection
11.b. Identify factors related to infection across the lifespan
11.c. Outline the dress code and personal practices that reduce the risk of infection transmission
11.d. Base your decision on the signs and symptoms of infection
11.e. Base your response on an interpretation of the diagnostic tests related to patient's infectious process
11.f. Detail the nursing interventions to support or minimize the physical and psychological effects of the infectious process
11.g. Demonstrate the ability to correlate nursing interventions to methods used to prevent or disrupt the chain of infection
11.h. Follow industry standards for isolation procedures
11.i. Identify evidence-based practices
11.j. Differentiate between normal and abnormal characteristics of infection resistance
11.k. Describe lifespan variations that contribute to problems with infection
11.l. Identify factors that increase a patient’s susceptibility to infection
11.m. Differentiate among different types of infections (acute, chronic, local, systemic, healthcare associated, sepsis)
11.n. Discuss the progress of an infection and communicable disease
11.o. Explain common manifestations of infection
11.p. Describe assessment findings, including diagnostic and lab test results expected when a patient has an infection
11.q. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with actual or potential infections
11.r. Identify nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of infections
11.s. Identify principles and techniques of infection control
11.t. Outline the components of CDC’s Standard and Transmission-based Precautions (Tier One and Tier Two)
11.u. Discuss the psychological aspect of care for a patient in isolation
11.v. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with infection

12. Provide nursing care for patients with cognitive and sensory impairments

12.a. Collect data to identify patients experiencing alterations in cognition or sensory perception
12.b. Identify factors related to cognitive and sensory impairments across the lifespan
12.c. Demonstrate respect for the dignity of the patient with cognitive or sensory impairment
12.d. Detail support for family/significant others caring for patients with cognitive or sensory impairment
12.e. Include community resources available for patients and families with a cognitive or sensory impairment
12.f. Include adaptations to the environment to maintain safety for the patient with impaired cognition or sensory impairment
12.g. Incorporate nursing strategies to maximize cognitive functioning and sensory perception
12.h. Outline nursing interventions for specific cognitive and sensory disorders
12.i. Identify evidence-based practices
12.j. Describe the characteristics of dementia
12.k. Describe delirium
12.l. Differentiate between normal and abnormal characteristics and patterns of cognition
12.m. Describe lifespan variations surrounding cognition
12.n. Identify factors that affect cognitive function
12.o. Identify factors that alter cognition
12.p. Describe common causes of delirium
12.q. Describe various forms and characteristics of dementia
12.r. Differentiate delirium, dementia, and depression
12.s. Differentiate between expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, global aphasia, and dysarthria
12.t. Explain how cognitive functioning is assessed
12.u. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with cognitive impairments
12.v. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairments
12.w. Discuss the need for family support and available resources
12.x. Describe adaptations to the environment to maintain safety for the patient with impaired cognition
12.y. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with cognitive impairments
12.z. Differentiate between normal and abnormal characteristics and patterns of sensory function
12.aa. Describe lifespan variations surrounding sensory function
12.ab. Identify factors that affect sensory function
12.ac. Define sensory overload and sensory deprivation
12.ad. Identify factors that alter sensory function
12.ae. Explain how to assess for sensory function
12.af. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with sensory impairments
12.ag. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of sensory impairments
12.ah. Describe adaptations to the environment to maintain safety for the patient with impaired sensation
12.ai. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with sensory impairments

13.a. Demonstrate respect for the cultural and spiritual beliefs of the patient/significant other experiencing grief and loss
13.b. Demonstrate the anticipated responses to grief across the lifespan
13.c. Include personal and community resources available
13.d. Advocate for the ethical/legal concerns of the patient/family making end of life decisions
13.e. Employ nursing measures to support palliative care during the dying process
13.f. Outline the nursing responsibilities associated with postmortem care
13.g. Identify evidence-based practices
13.h. Describe types of loss
13.i. Examine palliative care (ELNEC)
13.j. Review theories of grieving
13.k. Explain the nurse's role in end of life decisions
13.l. Discuss the impact of loss across the lifespan
13.m. Outline other factors that can impact a patient/family’s response to loss
13.n. Describe common manifestations of altered grieving
13.o. Examine how to assess for altered grieving
13.p. Identify nursing diagnoses for individuals experiencing loss, grief, and/or death
13.q. Outline ways in which nurses can assist patients/families who are grieving
13.r. Describe palliative care and hospice care
13.s. Describe the physiology of dying
13.t. Discuss the nursing care of patients who are dying
13.u. Suggest coping strategies for nurses following a patient’s death
13.v. Describe the nurse’s role in post-mortem care
13.w. Discuss the nurse's role in advanced directives and end-of-life decisions
13.x. Differentiate living wills and durable power of attorney for health care
13.y. Suggest ways in which to evaluate coping and fears related to grief and loss

14. Provide nursing care for patients with alterations in oxygenation

14.a. Assess patient for objective and subjective manifestations of impaired oxygenation
14.b. Identify normal from abnormal assessment data
14.c. Adapt care based on oxygenation assessment data
14.d. Base your response on the interpretation of diagnostic tests and lab values indicative of a disturbance in oxygenation
14.e. Identify evidence-based practices
14.f. Review normal structure and function of the respiratory system
14.g. Describe lifespan variations surrounding respiratory function
14.h. Describe factors affecting oxygenation and gas exchange in the body
14.i. Describe common manifestations of altered respiratory function
14.j. Describe how oxygenation can be assessed
14.k. Describe assessment findings associated with impaired oxygenation
14.l. Identify common diagnostic and laboratory tests used to identify oxygenation problems
14.m. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with impaired oxygenation
14.n. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of impaired oxygenation
14.o. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with impaired oxygenation
14.p. Review normal structure and function of the cardiovascular system
14.q. Describe lifespan variations surrounding cardiovascular function
14.r. Describe factors that contribute to normal cardiac output and tissue perfusion
14.s. Describe common manifestations of altered cardiovascular function
14.t. Describe how the circulatory system can be assessed
14.u. Describe assessment findings associated with poor circulation
14.v. Identify common diagnostic and laboratory tests used to identify circulation problems
14.w. Identify nursing diagnoses for patients with circulatory conditions
14.x. Outline nursing and medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of impaired circulation
14.y. Suggest ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of care for patients with impaired circulation